歲月麻醉

Anesthesia,Joyful Life
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呼吸刺激劑

古老時代恢復室有一種呼吸刺激劑,是從新生兒的用藥doxapram來的!一直都沒有用過,不過,中國大陸,還是有些地方在使用,歐美系統,此類藥物已經送入博物館,因為該藥物使用的邏輯,就理論與實用性來說,都屬於恐龍級!

最近有一個narcolepsy的案例,查找文獻,又繞回中樞(呼吸)刺激劑,這個東東!所以將舊文章po上來!

麻醉甦醒期躁動一例

患者,男,68歲,體重64kg。全麻下行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術。麻醉用藥:誘導:咪唑安定3mg,,芬太尼0.05mg,羅庫40mg,丙泊酚100毫克。術中用丙泊酚600mg, 芬太尼0.1mg。手術歷時1.5小時。術後給予新斯的明2mg,阿托品1mg,佳蘇侖一支,氟馬西尼一支。給藥後患者恢復自主呼吸。隨後躁動不安,極度不配合。
請教:1.躁動不安的原因?
2.如何預防及處理? 


3、催醒不當:目前我們使用的催醒藥並不是所以全麻藥的特異性拮抗藥,不能完全拮抗麻醉作用,只能在很有限的範圍內加速麻醉甦醒而已。使用前提是麻醉相對較淺的時候,而不應在深麻醉時使用,而且用量不宜過大。否則要麼無效,要麼躁動。

迅速甦醒的麻醉是對整個麻醉用藥過程恰當控制的結果,而不是術後強行催醒。


樓上諸位都將術後煩躁原因講透了,因此只針對上邊『引言』「催醒劑」部份再多說兩句。

對理想麻醉藥的要求,諸如起效快,藥效短,副作用少,...........等等,其中有一項,是具有相對的拮抗劑,術後narcotics 有 naloxone,sedative 有 flumazenil,relaxant有neostigmine, edrophonium,atropine有 physiostigmine,若是臨床上有使用的指證(不是常規),該有的都有了,doxapram不是一個特異性的麻醉拮抗劑,幾乎沒有使用的角色,呼吸抑制需尋求原因,對症治療,使用doxapram只會治絲益棼;在藥物的使用上,除了適應症外,應注意藥物的禁忌症與注意事項。

摘錄藥典的部份內容,對doxaprama使用於術後恢復的注意要點:

a. Doxapram is neither an antagonist to muscle relaxant drugs nor a specific narcotic antagonist. More specific tests (eg, peripheral nerve stimulation, airway pressures, head lift, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide) to assess adequacy of ventilation are recommended before administering doxapram.

b. Doxapram should be administered with great care and only under careful supervision to patients with hypermetabolic states such as hyperthyroidism or pheochromocytoma.

c. Since narcosis may recur after stimulation with doxapram, care should be taken to maintain close observation until the patient has been fully alert for ½ to 1 hour.

d. In patients who have received general anesthesia utilizing a volatile agent known to sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines, administration of doxapram should be delayed until the volatile agent has been excreted in order to lessen the potential for arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug interactions.)

在第三點中明示,打完doxapram後需再觀察半小時到一小時,以防藥效過後,呼吸再度抑制發生危險,就目前多數醫院無術後觀察室(recovery room),更顯得doxapram無用武之地。

其次,劑量方面也是一個問題,樓主只說是一支,若是100mg也是偏高,使用拮抗劑的原則是,分次滴定,給予最低的有效劑量即可,作法是0.5-1 mg/kg,每5分鐘給一次藥,最大劑量不超過2mg/kg。

參考文獻:佳蘇淪致高血壓1例

第二,關於flumazenil,也有煩躁的副作用,樓主提到一支的劑量是0.5還是1mg,正常的使用是每次0.2mg,每隔1分鐘追加0.2mg,最多1mg;在0.2-0.4mg 起效,多數0.4-0.6mg可拮抗鎮靜劑的藥效,少數需達0.8-1mg,若是一次打入1mg足量,發生煩躁的機率就會增加。 

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