歲月麻醉

Anesthesia,Joyful Life
gravatar

低體溫療法

據英國《每日郵報》十一日報導,美國科羅拉多州岡尼森的兩歲男 童歐特森在冰寒的灌溉溝渠中遇溺,頭部浸在水中約廿五分鐘始被發 現救起,他的心跳曾停止將近一小時,但最終卻奇蹟似地活了下來, 且身體健康無礙。

骨科醫生退休的歐特森外公柯克、擔任護士的歐特森表姊蘇 珊等人立即為歐特森做心肺復甦術急救。隨後由急救直升機送往丹佛 的醫院救治。醫護人員曾表示,存活率不到一%。

雖然到院後歐特森恢復了心跳,但心跳已經停了快一小時,醫師擔 心他會腦死,在發現他的手臂有動作後,隨即施以仍具爭議性的「低 溫療法」(hypothermic treatment),將歐特森的體溫降至攝氏卅 二度達四十八個小時,以使他的腦部活動減至最低狀態。
當歐特森的體溫回復常態後,他甦醒了。
醫師指出,歐特森得以大難不死,據信是常見於哺乳類動物的潛水 反射作用(Mammalian diving reflex)使然。潛水反射是指哺乳類 動物在冰冷的水中,心跳、血液循環與代謝會減緩,從而使氧氣在心 臟和腦部的儲存得以較為持久。

低體溫療法,不是爭議性的治療,而是已經是共識,就目前的科學證據,沒有任何一種藥物可以有腦神經的保護作用,只有低體溫療法,能露出一束曙光,指引希望的方向。
有爭議的是,who, when, how。

Who: 哪些族群可以受益?

When: 什麼時候開始做?做多久?

How: 低體溫到幾度?

由以上的新聞得知,醫師們已經不滿足于輕度 (34度左右),以及短時間的低溫療法(6-8小時),其中一個重要的考量可能是小孩的年齡吧! 而促使醫師大膽採用更積極的低溫療法,就是到院後的自主性神經學反應(手臂會動)。



 有關心跳停止,急救回來後的神經學預後,在舊文:一例大劑量安定中毒心肺復甦後病例  


可參考。

院外心肺復甦的存活率小於10%,院內心肺復甦亦小於25%可以存活出院,2006年一組跨國醫師檢視目前預測心肺復甦後昏迷預後的文獻證據(1966~2006),並做出臨床建議。
Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology. 2006 Jul 25;67(2):203-10.

所檢視的預測標的有七種:

Circumstances surrounding CPR(心肺復甦的相關因素), elevated body temperature(高體溫), neurologic examination(神經學檢查), electrophysiologic studies(電生理學檢查), biochemical markers(生化標記物), monitoring of brain function(大腦功能監視), and neuroimaging studies(神經影像學檢查)。

1. Conclusions. Anoxia time, duration of CPR, and cause of
cardiac arrest are related to poor outcome after CPR, but none of these variables can discriminate accurately between patients with poor and those with favorable outcomes.
結論:缺氧時間,心肺復甦的時間,心停的原因,皆與復甦後預後不良有關,但沒有一項足以在預後不良與預後良好組間,正確的區隔出兩者的差異。
Recommendations. Prognosis cannot be based on the circumstances of CPR (recommendation level Black Eye.

建議:無法依據心肺復甦的相關因素做出預測(水平B的建議)

2. Conclusions. Elevated body temperature (>37 °C) is associated with poor outcome. However, hyperthermia alone could not discriminate accurately between patients with poor and those with favorable outcomes.

高體溫與復甦後預後不良有關,但不足以在預後不良與預後良好組間,正確的區隔出兩者的差異。

Recommendations. Prognosis cannot be based on elevated body temperature alone (recommendation level C).

建議:無法單獨依據高體溫做出預測(水平C的建議)

3. Conclusions. The following clinical findings accurately predict poor outcome (FPR of 0 with narrow CIs); myoclonus status epilepticus within the first 24 hours in patients with primary circulatory
arrest, absence of pupillary responses within days 1 to 3 after CPR, absent corneal reflexes within days 1 to 3 after CPR, and absent or extensor motor responses after 3 days.

以下徵候能正確的預測不良預後(FPR % 且有窄的信賴區間):A. 原發性循環停止心停患者,於24小時內發生肌顫myoclonus status epilepticus。 B. CPR後三天內沒有瞳孔反射。C. CPR後三天內沒有角膜反射。D. 三天內沒有伸肌運動反應

Recommendations. The prognosis is invariably poor in comatose patients with absent pupillary or corneal reflexes, or absent or extensor motor responses 3 days after 
cardiac arrest (recommendation level A). Patients with myoclonus status epilepticus within the first day after a primary circulatory arrest have a poor prognosis (recommendation level Black Eye.

B,C,D為水平A的建議,A為水平B的建議

3. Conclusions. Generalized suppression to 20 µV, burst-suppression pattern with generalized epileptiform activity, or generalized periodic complexes on a flat background are strongly but not invariably associated with poor outcome.

腦波的專業名詞,沒有能力翻譯,請見諒。

Recommendations. Burst suppression or generalized epileptiform discharges on EEG predicted poor outcomes but with insufficient prognostic accuracy (recommendation level C).

異常的腦波放電,可預測預後不良,但正確率不足(水平C的建議)

4. Conclusions. Bilateral absence of the N20 component of the SSEP with median nerve stimulation recorded on days 1 to 3 or later after CPR accurately predicts a poor outcome.

於三天內或之後於正中神經刺激,SSEP(體知覺誘發電位)無法誘發N20能正確預測預後不良

Recommendations. The assessment of poor prognosis can be guided by the bilateral absence of cortical SSEPs (N2O response) within 1 to 3 days (recommendation level Black Eye.

三天內SSEP的兩側N20陰性反應能正確預測預後不良(水平B的建議)

5. Conclusions. Serum NSE(neuron-specific enolase), S100, and CSF CKBB (Creatine kinase brain isoenzyme) have been investigated as a predictor for outcome with studies using variable cutoff points. For serum NSE levels >33 µg/L at days 1 to 3, one class I study demonstrates a 0 FPR with narrow 95% CIs.

血中NSE,S100, CSF CKBB,都曾採用不同的上限值被研究,只有NSE 於三天內 > 33µg/L,於一個Class I 實驗顯現 0%偽陽性率且有窄的95%信賴區間。

Recommendations. Serum NSE levels >33 µg/L at days 1 to 3 post-CPR accurately predict poor outcome (recommendation level Black Eye. There are inadequate data to support or refute the prognostic value of other serum and CSF biochemical markers in comatose patients after CPR (recommendation level U).

NSE 於三天內 > 33µg/L正確預測不良預後(水平B建議),其餘生化檢驗屬於水平U建議(就是不建議)

6. Conclusions. The prognostic usefulness of monitoring of brain oxygenation and ICP is inconclusive.

腦供養程度以及腦壓監測的研究證據力不夠並無法作任何的結論

Recommendations. There are inadequate data to support or refute the prognostic value of ICP monitoring (recommendation level U).

神經學的監測資訊不足無法做出建議(水平U 建議)

7. Brain swelling on CT scanning may occur, but its predictive value for poor outcome is not known. The experience with MRI (DWI and FLAIR) as a tool for prognostication in comatose patients after CPR is limited. There is insufficient evidence to precisely delineate lesions on MRI or CT scanning that would conclusively predict poor outcome.

CT造影可能有腦水腫發現,但其預測能力則未知,使用MRI(DWI,and FLAIR)的經驗不多,所以,目前的證據太少,無法做出任何結論

Recommendations. There are inadequate data to support or refute whether neuroimaging is indicative of poor outcome (recommendation level U).

證據不足,無法做出建議(水平U建議)

註:
水平 A 建議 :強烈建議
水平 B 建議 ︰可以建議
水平 C 建議 :可能可以建議
水平 U 建議 :不建議

綜合以上的結論與建議,有一個決策流程圖如下:


圖 示說明:Decision algorithm for use in prognostication of comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The numbers in the triangles are percentages. The numbers in parentheses are exact 95% CIs. Major confounders could include the use or prior use of sedatives or neuromuscular blocking agents, induced hypothermia therapy, presence of organ failure (e.g., acute renal or liver failure) or shock (e.g., cardiogenic shock requiring inotropes). Studies in comatose patients after CPR have not systematically addressed the impact of these factors on the reliability of clinical neurologic examination and tests. Therefore, these confounding factors potentially could diminish the prognostic accuracy of this algorithm. *These test results may not be available on a timely basis. Serum NSE testing may not be sufficiently standardized.

『翻譯』:心肺復甦後存活昏迷病患預後的決策流程圖
三角形內數字是百分比(FPR:false positive rate偽陽性率),括號內是95%信賴區間。重大干擾因素Major confounders包括:使用中或使用過鎮靜劑或肌肉鬆弛劑,人為性低溫療法,有器官衰竭(如急性腎臟或肝臟衰竭),或者休克(如心因性休克需要強心 劑支持者)(理由:略翻,意思是若有以上因素存在,則依此流程判讀可能失準),*號的檢查或檢驗可能無法即時獲得或取得結果,NSE檢查可能還不夠標準 化。
這裡要說明的是,雖然使用鎮靜劑列為重大干擾因素,但SSEP比起EEG更不受藥物與代謝系亂的影響,只是外國人做事一板一眼,在所檢索的文獻中,並沒有驗證藥物的影響,所以還是將這個因素列在重大干擾的名單內。

最 後強調,以上提供的資訊是預測,而非診斷(prognosis Not diagnosis),故雖然病人到目前為止的表現,無法樂觀(三天內未醒且無自發性運動反應),但藥物的因素還是要考慮,更何況lives find their way out,臨床實務不乏有奇蹟的案例,建議LZ第三天後,暫停所有不必要的藥物,再觀測兩天看看,當然最後還是要神經科醫師來跟我們背書。

Related Posts :



日曆

追蹤者

標籤

H1N1 (21) 休閒 (16) 單車 (8) 重症 (6) ARDS (5) spinal anesthesia (5) cesarean section (4) epidural anesthesia (4) iphone (4) local toxicity (4) noncardiac surgery (4) pain (4) pregnancy (4) steroid (4) trauma (4) 中毒 (4) 補液 (4) 評估 (4) Heart failure (3) antibiotics (3) cardiac arrest (3) intubation (3) 全脊麻 (3) CICV (2) Chlorhexidine (2) ECMO (2) PONV (2) SSI (2) Vertebroplasty (2) atrial fibrillation (2) blindness (2) damage control (2) evaluation (2) fluid responsiveness (2) hypertension (2) hypothermia (2) hypoxemia (2) jb (2) local anesthetics (2) propofol (2) rhabdomyolysis (2) sepsis (2) 插管 (2) 旅遊 (2) 肺栓塞 (2) 運動 (2) 過敏 (2) AKI (1) Bell's palsy (1) CAP (1) CCO (1) CNS stimulant (1) Cerebral edema (1) Cricothyrotomy (1) Cytokine storm (1) DKA (1) ED95 (1) Guillain-Barré syndrome (1) Hemophagocytic Syndrome (1) Inbutation (1) LLLT (1) Naloxone (1) O3 (1) One Lung (1) PCR (1) PNI (1) PPCM (1) Pneumonia (1) TBI (1) TEE (1) TKA (1) TRALI (1) Tramadol (1) air embolism (1) amniotic fluid embolism (1) anaphylaxis (1) aneurysm (1) ant. spinal a syndrome (1) antagonism (1) anticoagulant (1) carcinoid (1) cardiac (1) cardiac output (1) chips (1) citosol (1) coronary spasm (1) crush injury (1) cyanide (1) density (1) dexamethasone (1) digoxin (1) diuresis (1) dopamine (1) double lumen (1) drugs (1) dural puncture (1) earthquake (1) echo (1) endoscopy (1) etomidate (1) evaluatin (1) fluid resuscitation (1) guideline (1) hyperthermia (1) induction (1) intravenous anesthesia (1) ketamine (1) liposuction (1) loss resistance (1) massive transfusion (1) morbid obesity (1) muscle relaxant (1) narcotics (1) nerve injury (1) neuroprotection (1) neurotoxicity (1) obstetics (1) obstetrics (1) paraplegia (1) paresthesia (1) peramivir (1) peridural hematoma (1) perioperative fluid (1) perioperative medicine (1) pneumocephalus (1) postpartum angiopathy (1) procalcitonin (1) psvt (1) pulmonary edema (1) puncture site (1) rFVIIa (1) radiaion (1) rate control (1) reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (1) ritalin (1) sedation (1) shock (1) spinal cord injury (1) spinal cord stimulation (1) spinal injury (1) stellate ganglion block (1) svv (1) test dose (1) thrombocytopenia (1) transforaminal block (1) transfusion (1) vaccination (1) volume therapy (1) zanamivir (1) 京阪神 (1) 住宿 (1) 保險 (1) 北京 (1) 國小 (1) 國文 (1) 房顫, Cardioversion (1) 抗凝 (1) 授權 (1) 教育 (1) 新世紀黎 (1) 新聞 (1) 旅游 (1) 日月潭 (1) 日本 (1) 普台 (1) 曼陀羅 (1) 氣道 (1) 水果 (1) 法律 (1) 異丙酚 (1) 百草枯 (1) 硬膜下 (1) 禁食 (1) 笑果 (1) 統計 (1) 美食 (1) 肌間溝 (1) 肥胖 (1) 脂肪栓塞 (1) 脊髓前動脈綜合征 (1) 腰硬聯合 (1) 雲品 (1) 電影 (1) 頸叢 (1)