歲月麻醉

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術前高血壓要停刀嗎?

長久以來,術前高血壓往往是病人被d/c開刀的理由,這是一個說不清道不明的迷霧,180/110 mmHg 是一個人為的界線,70,80年代的論文,傾向於術前控制高血壓,不過Goldman於79年的小樣本研究,,

Risks of general anesthesia and elective operations in the hypertensive patient. Anesthesiology 50 (1979), pp. 285–292.



也有少數是高於此界線的案例,重點在於,血壓要控制多久,對病人的預後才會有利?這就沒有人研究了,沒有服藥的病人,也就是沒有在吃高血壓藥物的病人,如果要減緩高血壓對心血管系統的accomodation,需要1-2個月,這對於外科醫師而言,是不可接受的沈重,而對於在服藥的病人,數個小時內,也可以將血壓壓制在180/110 mmHg以下,那,有需要今天d/c,明天再來手術的必要嗎?這個在2003年的一篇研究給了初步的答案,

The dilemma of immediate preoperative hypertension: to treat and operate, or to postpone surgery?Journal of Clinical Anesthesia Volume 15, Issue 3, May 2003, Pages 179-183

,對於術前有在服藥的高血壓病人,排除掉 no previous myocardial infarction, unstable or severe angina pectoris, renal failure, pregnancy induced hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, previous coronary revascularization, aortic stenosis, preoperative dysrhythmias, conduction defects, or stroke. ,高於STAGE III 180/110 mmHg者,延不延後手術,三天內的圍術期心血管併發症並無不同!

而2007年的AHA/ACC guideline

ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery

對此,而沒有確切的答案與指引,不過文後有說道alternative的選項,就是使用beta-block,這對於急診手術有幫忙,對於排程手術也有一定的參考作用。遺憾的是,iv form的 beta blocker已經在本地市場消失!!!

在每天的手術病人  約有近1/3(29%)是高血壓病人,如何做好術前評估,其實是一項很沈重的工作!

1.病史詢問,MI,heart disease, CAD, Renal diseses ........
2. 檢查服用的藥物,diuretics, calcium channel blocker, beta blocker, ACEI, .....
3. 檢查是否有繼發性高血壓的體徵,如renal arterial stenosis, coarctation aorta, pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism.
4.  反覆測量血壓  

所以,簡化術前高血壓的評估流程,180/110 mmHg不失為一個不錯的指標,但實務上, 要面對病人與外科醫師的解釋,實在還是一個不折不扣的兩難困境dilemma !



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