EI and DI 腦外傷病人插管的適應症
Early Intubation in the Management of Trauma Patients: Indications and Outcomes in 1,000 Consecutive Patients. J Trauma 2009, 66(1): 32-40.
外傷病人入院兩個小時以內的插管適應症,1000個病例的分析,主要分為指引適應症,與自作主張適應症。前者為大家耳熟能詳,且有詢證證據的狀況,後者,則為創傷醫師依臨床需要而插管的情況。有一些可能是contraversies,但有一些則可能確實是實務所需,分別來看一下!
EI (指引主張)EAST indications
(1) airway obstruction (facial or neck trauma with apparent inability to move air, physical examination findings of “gurgling” or “sonorous” respirations, or significant blood or gastric contents in the airway)
(2) hypoventilation or hypoxemia (respiratory rate <=12, apnea, use of bag-valve-mask ventilation or Combitube, or sustained transcutaneous oxygen saturation [TcPo2] <=95% despite supplemental oxygen)
(3) cardiac arrest (cardiopulmonary resuscitation in progress or pulseless ventricular arrhythmia); (4) severe cognitive impairment (GCS score of <=8)
(5) severe hemorrhagic shock (systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg or history of significant and persistent hypotension in the field).
DI discretionary indications(自作主張)
(1) facial or neck injury (significant injury to face or neck without airway obstruction)
(2) altered mental status (GCS score of >8)
(3) combativeness (uncooperative behavior impeding evaluation and management or physically dangerous behavior)
(4) respiratory distress (significant dyspnea despite the presence of normal vital signs and TcPo2 >95%)
(5) preoperative management (intubation before going to the OR, often to facilitate pain management)
在Miller's 7th edition 中對於TBI Traumatic brain injury 的 indications 有三:
1. GCS < 9
2. Cardiopulmonary dysfuction ( ABC failure)
3. Uncooperative patients
其中第三點與本篇文章的第三個適應症是一樣的,也就是在頭部外傷病人,如果因為藥物或酒精因素,造成不能合作,甚至有攻擊性,最後只好插管。
第一個facial injury 比較模糊,facial injury with airway compromise 則可能比較明確,不過如何compromise airway 也比較主觀,所以這一類病患的比率最低,只有個位數1.5%。
第二個 altered mental status,也是一個潛在性可能插管的適應症,不過沒有界定低於幾分以下,也是比較不足的地方,因為,譬如眼睛張眼,或說話,這部份,有時候會有主觀的判斷誤差。
第五個,比較無關緊要,那是為開刀而預插管。
總之,插不插管,除了公認的適應症外,其他,創傷科醫師可以根據臨床作第一手的決策,其他可能影響的因素,比如,院內的醫療資源充分與否(加護病房床位,呼吸器數目,等)。