歲月麻醉

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PONV and Dexamethasone

大陸很喜歡用激素,尤其是dexamethasone(地米),主要著眼在,postextubation stidor, 以及,PONV,整理一下舊文,順便更新文獻。

全麻時是否應用地塞米松?




1、不用
2、插管後給藥
3、拔管前給藥


目前總共有 179 張投票,結果如下:


1、不用       
47 票數 26.2% 
2、插管後給藥       
84 票數 46.9% 
3、拔管前給藥       
48 票數 26.8% 





下面引用由ysdmaz2004/06/28 10:59am 發表的內容:
建議:
沒有「預防性使用激素」的必要。這是錯誤的導向!
使用激素要講究適應症與併發症、用藥需要達到什麼樣的目的?
避免「濫用」。



回應應老的評論,使用藥物需精而簡,而非多而濫,以避免1.藥物交互作用,複雜化後續併發症的處理思路,2.少一種藥物,少一種藥物的不良反應,3.避免醫療資源的浪費。

引用最新PONV的臨床試驗結果:
A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 10;350(24):2441-51.

結論:
CONCLUSIONS: Because antiemetic interventions are similarly effective and act independently, the safest or least expensive should be used first. Prophylaxis is rarely warranted in low-risk patients, moderate-risk patients may benefit from a single intervention, and multiple interventions should be reserved for high-risk patients.

這個貼子最後由somnolent在 2004/09/03 09:20pm 第 1 次編輯]
因此,一般對小兒插管過程不是很順利,或氣管導管外徑選擇相對較粗的病例,我願意在插管成功後即給予一劑量地塞米松,以作為防治。兒其它順利情況下可以暫時不用,待拔管後仔細傾聽患兒的哭聲,有些許嘶啞時,即予應用激素。確實激素對防治喉水腫的效果是不錯的,且以早用比晚用的效果好。



we are restricted to using corticosteroids for some things that swell, but not everything.

極力支持應老的看法,有指征才給藥,小兒麻醉插管後的stridor 發生率約1~4%,加護病房長期插管者可能高達25%,但因此而需要re-intubation者可能不到2%,

,在有危險因子存在下,如氣道損傷,內管相當於氣管大小,插管時間長,年紀小於4歲者,可開始給予dexamethasone治療,拔管後若無症狀,可停藥,若有則繼續給藥。

1.Steroids for anything that swells: dexamethasone and postextubation airway obstruction.Crit Care Med. 1996 Oct;24(10):1613-4.
2.Intravenous dexamethasone for extubation of newborn infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD000308. Review.



關於PONV, 2008年的guideline可以參看!

Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

幾個現有的藥物如:

Dexamethasone 4 mg iv

Droperidol 0.625-1.25 mg iv

Dimenhydrinate (dramamine) anti-histamine:1 mg/kg IV


Promethazine (phenergan):12.5-25 iv (Less evidence)


關於Postextubation stridor 更新cohrance libaray evidence

Corticosteroids for the prevention and treatment of post-extubation stridor in neonates, children and adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD001000.

更新的evidence顛覆以往的印象,即越小的病人受益較大,這個觀念需要修正,不過,這篇更新,著重於使用呼吸器的加護病房患者,對於麻醉的患者並不適用。

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