歲月麻醉

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腰麻二三事 -藥物比重


臨床腰椎麻醉注意的幾件事情:

1.穿刺部位 puncture site and technique
2.腰麻藥物比重 baricity
3.影響腰麻平面的因素 level of spinal anesthesia
4.腰麻的神經毒性 local toxicity
5.神经损伤 nerve injury

今天貼出:腰麻藥物的比重與計算問題:



腰麻用藥到底怎麼計算比重


回覆:







就一個化學公式的計算液體的密度而言是正確的,但就理解局麻藥物的密度與相對於腦脊液的比重,就有所不足了。理由有二,最重要的就是沒有考慮溫度的問題,第二,公式的假設是使用純水溶液,但實情不是如此,且每個商業化局麻藥物的組成都不盡相同。文獻上報導的局麻藥物密度都是測量,而非計算得來的。

1.腦脊液的密度1.003~1.007g/ml,這個應該是教科書上的數據,但實際測量得到的密度是遠小於此(平均數:1.00030~100070),故推斷可能是較老舊的資料,因為測量的精準度較低(小數點第二位),而且不是體溫下的測量,應是室溫或是更低的溫度下測量得到的,(或者是作者少寫了一個零)。

2.比重輕重的認定是采腦脊液密度平均值取3個標準差以上作比較,也就是99%信賴區間,高於上值upper limit為重比重,低於下值 lower limit為輕比重,臨床上都采遠高於這個數值區間,以達到『絕對』的重比重或輕比重效果。

3.各種濃度的商業製劑裡,在體溫37度C,只有0.75% Levobupivacaine可視為等比重isobaric(密度為1.00056+/-0.00003),而0.5% Levobupivacaine (1.00024+/-0.00003),在部份病人如產婦可視為等比重,其餘都是低比重。各種加糖的配製溶液都是重比重,大於10mg/ml 就有重比重的效果,astra的產品是80mg/ml,密度約為1.020左右,故有大於1.020即為重比重之說,但臨床的經驗,並不需要這麼高的濃度來達到所謂的重比重效果,因為濃度越高往頭度擴散的阻滯水平越高,產生低血壓的比率也越高。(見下圖)



註:上圖單位錯誤:正確應該是 g/ml.

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