歲月麻醉

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使用阻力消失法偵測硬膜外腔的媒介

原始連結:您使用何種媒介作為阻力消失法偵測硬膜外腔?

2009年12月號 A&A 的 meta-analysis 文章:Epidural space identification: a meta-analysis of complications after air versus liquid as the medium for loss of resistance.Anesth Analg. 2009 Dec;109(6):2012-21 ,就目前顯示的尋證資料(樣本數不夠大,研究族群雜異性高等限制),無法顯示兩者的優劣,但就發生併發症的個案報告而言,顯然空氣阻力消失法有潛在性的問題,2004年











目前總共有 250 張投票,結果如下:

空氣        107 票數 42.8% 
食鹽水        7 票數 2.8% 
食鹽水加小氣泡        123 票數 49.2% 
局麻藥水        13 票數 5.2% 



感謝狂拼網友提供了最新的臨床試驗(clinical trial),合併早先的文獻有兩篇研究報告(clinical trial)(都是比較何者的阻滯效果較佳),
1.Quality of analgesia when air versus saline is used for identification of the epidural space in the parturient.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000 Nov-Dec;25(6):596-9.

2.Comparative study of the effects of air or saline to identify the extradural space.Br J Anaesth. 1991 Feb;66(2):224-7.

可以確認在阻滯品質方面,食鹽水阻力消失法是比較優勢的。

就安全性方面,因為沒法也沒有臨床試驗的文獻可參考,只能就個案報告來分析,現有的個案除了一例是是空氣+食鹽水法造成氣腦(3),一例食鹽水法造成神經根壓迫外(4),清一色都是空氣阻力消失法惹的禍,從氣腦/頭痛,硬膜外穿破/頭痛,神經根壓迫,到皮下氣腫,靜脈氣栓到,嚴重的截癱不等,所以在這一個面像裡,還是食鹽水法得分。

      3.Headache immediately following attempted epidural analgesia in obstetrics. Anesthesiology   1980;52:100-101.

      4. Radicular acute pain after epidural anaesthesia with the technique of loss of resistance with normal saline solution.Anaesthesia 1998;53:166-171.

        儘管有以上明顯有利的醫學證據,空氣阻力消失法的擁護者,還是爭議一點,那就是空氣阻力消失法,不是空氣注射法,因為所有的問題都出在注射一定量的空氣容積進入硬膜外腔或是支蛛網膜下腔,所以如果不要刻意的注入空氣,這個些臨床試驗應該就會有不一樣的結果,甚至併發症的個案也可以降低到一定的比率(5)。
 
5. Lang SA. The use of air for the identification of the epidural space (Letter). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26: 383.

參考文獻:
          6.Assessing the Superiority of Saline Versus Air for Use in the Epidural Loss of Resistance Technique:A Literature Review. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 28(1), 2003: pp 48–53



轉貼狂拼文章:



我們常規用負壓管偵測硬膜外腔,用空氣作為阻力消失法佐證而已。用空氣的好處是置管後回抽得到液體即可判定腦脊液,不用再驗證。
Anesth Analg 2004;99:245-250的文章題目及摘要
Identification of the Epidural Space: Loss of Resistance with Air, Lidocaine, or the Combination of Air and Lidocaine (判斷進入硬脊膜外腔:分別用空氣、利多卡因或復合空氣和利多卡因阻力消失法)
判斷進入硬脊膜外腔的理想技術仍不清楚。547例需要硬脊膜外腔鎮痛的即將分娩的孕婦根據判斷進入硬脊膜外腔的技術隨機分成三組:1)空氣阻力消失法(空氣組,n=180);2)利多卡因阻力消失法(利多卡因組,n=185);3)空氣和利多卡因阻力消失法(空氣+利多卡因組,n=182)。評估硬脊膜外腔導管置入的難易程度、阻滯的特性、鎮痛的效果及併發症。不能置入硬脊膜外腔導管的發生率在空氣組是16%,利多卡因組是4%,空氣+利多卡因組是3%(P<0.001);在空氣組有更多的患者阻滯不全(分別是6.6%,3.2%,2.2%;P<0.02);意外的硬脊膜穿破的發生也是在空氣組較高(1.7%對另兩組的0%;P<0.02)。疼痛評分、鎮痛的起效時間、上面的感覺阻滯平面、運動阻滯、低血壓的發生、瞬時的神經症狀、產後尿瀦留和硬脊膜刺破後的頭痛均相當。用空氣判斷進入硬脊膜外腔比用利多卡因或空氣+利多卡因更困難,刺破硬脊膜的發生更高。另外,按順序應用空氣和利多卡因與單獨應用利多卡因相比沒有優勢。
長海醫院鄧主任幻燈片中內容:硬膜穿破發生率為0.32~1.23%[A,],可引起病人頭痛。硬膜穿破後如果發生硬膜下血腫則可加重神經學損害,但是這種情況罕見[B];利用推注生理鹽水觀察阻力消失感的發生率要低於空氣[C]。應用空氣來體會阻力消失感還可能引起氣腦[D],導致嚴重的併發症[E]。 
Reference 
A.(59) Giebler RM,et al.Incidence of neurologic complications related to thoracic epidural catheterization.Anesthesiology 1997;86:55-63;
B.(58)Garcia-Sanchez MJ,et al.Chronic subdural hematoma secondary to an accidental dural puncture during lumbar epidural anesthesia.Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1996;43:327-9
C.(46)Diemunsch P,et al.Bilateral subdural hematoma following epidural anesthesia.Can J Anaesth 1998;45:328-31
D(7)Ash Km,et al.Pneumocephalus following attempted epidural anaesthesia.Can J Anaesth 1991;38:772-4
E.(93)Lin HY,et al.Pneumocephalus and respiratory depression after accidental dural puncture during epidural analgesia-a case report.Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 1997;35:119-23

硬膜外麻醉時注入大量氣體致脊神經根不全損傷(一例醫療事故鑑定報導)

左髖部骰骨頭骨折內固定取出硬膜外麻醉後顱內積氣

麻醉產生氣顱的原因有spinal or epidural 麻醉,而後者發生的情況又包括:
1. 硬脊聯合麻醉
2. 硬外並硬膜穿破
3. 硬外困難操作,多次穿刺(1)

故,有無硬膜穿破並非必要條件,臨床上還是有無穿破跡象的術後穿破硬膜性頭痛postdural puncture headache 案例,重點在於是否使用注氣阻力消失法loss resistance to air technique,如果答案是肯定的,要撇清麻醉因素就很難,有不少的麻醉文獻案例症狀都以此例類似(2),樓上有幾位都提到的;再則患者發生胸椎劇痛與瞳孔不等大(3),都在面罩加壓換氣之前,這些症狀又如何解釋呢?

(1)Subarachnoid pneumocephalus: a rare complication of epidural catheter placement.
J Clin Anesth. 2002 Nov;14(7):539-42. 


(2)Pneumocephalus after accidental dural puncture during epidural anesthesia.
Reg Anesth. 1993 May-Jun;18(3):193-5. 


(3)Pneumocephalus with intense headache and unilateral pupillary dilatation after accidental dural puncture during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section.
Anesth Analg. 1999 Mar;88(3):582-3. 

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