歲月麻醉

Anesthesia,Joyful Life
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心衰你會處理了嗎?

原始連結:


最近三天收治了三個不同類型的心衰。

先說第一個,先天心的心力衰竭。
患者,男,35歲。

主訴:反覆氣促,咳嗽,咳痰5年餘,加重伴咳粉紅色泡沫痰1天。

現 病史:患者約五年餘前開始出現活動後氣促,伴有咳嗽、咳痰,痰多為白色粘液痰,多次按「肺炎」治療,可好轉;但氣促呈進行性加重,逐漸出現端坐呼吸到夜間 陣發性呼吸困難,伴有全身發紫。一天前再次出現咳嗽、咳痰,氣喘明顯,伴有高熱,右側胸痛,呈牽拉痛,在社區門診治療無好轉,並出現咳粉紅色泡沫痰而轉診 至我院。自本次加重以來,尿量明顯減少,胃納,精神,睡眠差。

既往史:兒時發現先天性心臟病:房間隔缺損,未作任何處理。

查體:T:39.3C Bp:140/70mmHg P:115bpm R:28bpm SaO2%: 43%
神 清,慢病急性重病容,口唇,肢端發紺明顯,四肢冰冷,但無汗。無明顯貧血貌,無黃染。端正位下頸靜脈充盈明顯,胸廓呈雞胸畸形,雙下肺可聞及細囉音,雙肺 均可聞及少量的哮鳴音。心前區見抬舉樣搏動,心界明顯坐下擴大,心率115bpm,律齊,胸骨左緣第2、3肋間可聞及2~3級的雙期雜音,未及震顫。腹未 見明顯陽性體徵。雙下肢無浮腫。

輔查:
胸片:先天心,考慮房缺;右下肺炎。
心電圖:明顯左右房增大。
血常規:wbc:23.6x109/L, N%:0.881, HGB:115g/L PLT 103x109/L
電解質,腎功能均正常。

請教大家以下幾個問題:
1、首先是診斷。
2、這個病人你考慮存在肺水腫嗎?畢竟胸片沒報,只是有侷限的右下肺感染?是什麼導致粉紅色泡沫痰?
3、這個病人的心衰是肯定存在的,而且已經存在了右向左分流,假如表現為典型的急性左心衰,你會怎樣處理?利尿,擴管效果不佳,這個病人能夠使用正性肌力藥物嗎?比如洋地黃,磷酸二酯酶抑制劑,多巴酚丁胺等,怎樣使用,要注意什麼,要配合哪些藥同時使用?

第二個是慢支 COPD 肺心病,典型急性左心衰伴有頑固性低氧血症而來,這時候你會怎處理?

第三個是風心患者 急性左心衰而來,查體可見嚴重的二尖瓣面容,心尖區可聞及舒張期隆隆樣雜音,是否存在嚴重的二尖瓣狹窄,暫時無法明確,常規利尿,擴管效果不佳,此時怎麼辦?

由此聯想到,高血壓導致的急性心衰,心梗導致的心衰(又分前壁、下壁、右室),心肌炎等,我們應怎樣處理?這麼多種心衰他們之間有什麼不同,又有什麼共同的本質,需要注意哪些因素或者有哪些技巧,你能說出來嗎?你會處理了嗎?

以上都是指慢性心衰的基礎上發作的急性心衰,這個和單純的急性左心衰有什麼區別?期待著你們給我答案。

看到有人點到我的名字,咦, 有點忘了有貼過這樣的帖子,連過去一看,哇 !有一年多了哩! 把它縫接過來,當作溫故知新。
2008年一月Critical care medicine 有一篇以臨床實務觀點出發的指南,以簡明的臨床情境分類指引到院前以及到院早期的處理原則,可供吾人一定的參考,尤其呼應樓主『搶救』急性心衰的主旨。

Practical recommendations for prehospital and early in-hospital management of patients presenting with acute heart failure syndromes.
Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1 Suppl):S129-39. Review

臨床情境:



處理流程:



前帖 Digoxin 風華再現,裡面提到的推荐閱讀:State of art: Acute Heart Failure Syndome. Review. 裡面有幾張表格,可以互補前面兩張的不足。

AHFS 診治的四個階段:

  1. initial or early phase (i.e., emergency department) 急性期
  2. in-hospital phase住院期
  3. pre-discharge phase 出院期 (3,,4可以合起來看)
  4. early post-discharge phase
急性期,以下幾點有些是要同時一起處理的!

1. Treat immediate life-threatening conditions/stabilize patient
Life-saving measures may precede or parallel diagnostic evaluation (i.e., unstable arrhythmia, flash pulmonary edema, STEMI)
2. Establish the diagnosis
Based on medical history, signs (JVD, S3, edema), symptoms (dyspnea), biomarkers (e.g., BNP) and CXR
3. Determine clinical profile and begin initial treatment
Key components include HR, BP, JVP, presence of pulmonary congestion, ECG, CXR, renal function, troponin, BNP, pulse oximetry, history of CAD
4. Determine and manage the cause or precipitant
Such as ischemia, hypertension, arrhythmias, acute valvular pathologies, worsening renal function, uncontrolled diabetes, and/or infectious etiologies is critical to ensure maximal benefits from HF management
5. Alleviate symptoms (e.g., dyspnea)
Usually a diuretic with or without other vasoactive agents. Morphine may also be used for pulmonary edema
6. Protect/preserve myocardium and renal function
Avoid hypotension or increase in HR, particularly in patients with CAD. Use of inotropes should be restricted to those with low-output state (low BP with organ hypoperfusion)
7. Make disposition
Majority are admitted to telemetry, with a small number discharged home. Robust evidence to support risk stratification and disposition identifying the low-risk patient for safe discharge with close outpatient follow-up is lacking

住院期:





最重要的治療思路是要釐清臨床情境,也就是個體化治療方案,這張可以跟第一張合併參看 。

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