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Class III blood loss in Trauma

ATLS 關於外傷出血的分類,15%, 30%, 40% blood volume 分界,分為四個等級,只有在class III 以上,才會出現血壓的下降,其他伴隨的症狀與徵象還有,如RR>30,  HR >120, anxious, confusion等,只有class III以上的blood loss才值的關注。

當時問了一個問題,為什麼所有的scenarios都說initial fluid resuscitation要先給1-2 L warm crytalloid, 如果已經判斷是屬於class III 出血,為什麼不直接輸血? 接著問,什麼時候trauma病人,開始輸血,輸血是輸type 或 untype 血?Instructor 沒有給我滿意的答案。



 Blood loss >30% 以上,代表,一,severe injury, 二,on-going blood loss is likely,邏輯上,輸volume 優於 fluid, 輸blood 優於 volume,新的觀念提示,過度的輸液(沒有即時輸血),對於hemorrhagic shock 尤其是trauma 的病人預後是較差的,理由,一fluid沒有吸氧能力,二,輸fluid,血壓假性回昇,blood loss增加,惡性循環,稀釋血液,壞處多多,三,interstitial edema的問題等等。

自己找ATLS的書,它是這樣寫得:

1. This type of fluid provides transient intravscular expansion and further stabilizes the vascular volume by replaceing accompanying fluid losses into the interstitial and intracellular spaces. 它的作用原就不是volume resuscitation.!


2. An alternative initial fluid is hypertonic saline, although there is no evidence of survival advantage in the current literture. 這個在實務上,有越用越多的趨勢,尤其是traumatic brain injury + hypotension

3. Initial fluid replacement is to test the patient's responsiness. 決定病人是hemodynamic stable or unstable patients

關於class III 以上,表格上的fluid replacement是寫fluid and blood.  從這個角度來看,它認為initial fluid resuscitaton是essential, 不過它絕對不是volume replacement, 因為如果以3:1的比例,輸入的液體容積遠低於血液量的流失,所以就這樣的理解來看,type III以上的外傷病人,不應該輸超過2 L 的initial crystalloid fluid.

pre-hospital  EMS 應該在現場或救護車上,已經輸入crystalloid了,理論上,到院時應該是要給blood而不是fluid!

Hemorrhage會死人,不是massive hemorrhage, 就是sustained or prolonged hemorrhage.,在沒有辦法立即找到出血點,給予有效止血前,輸液,甚至輸血都是有害的,因此,研究的方向朝兩個方面,人工血液,一種不需要血庫,不需要醫療專業可以由EMS就可以處置的治療,一種是Cell protectiton, 可以忍受較久的hypoperfusion,撐到可以definite handle的trauma center. 而這種藥物竟然已經垂手可得,Valproic acid (depakene),一種抗痙攣與精神穩定劑藥物。這是一種histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) ,透過激活Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) cascade,一種已知可以增加細胞存活的路徑,來達到Cell protection 的作用。


Transfusion practice in military trauma.Transfusion medicine.2008;18(3):143-50



Human polymerized hemoglobin for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock when blood is unavailable: the USA multicenter trial.J Am Coll Surg. 2009 Jan;208(1):1-13.


Surviving blood loss without blood transfusion in a swine poly-trauma model.Surgery. 2009 Aug;146(2):325-33

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