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DKA 的治療 與 Cerebral edema




DM的兩大代謝併發症,DKA 與 HHNK(現在改HHS Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome),兩者的治療重點,一在ketoaceidosis,一在restore intravascular volume depletion,所以前者的治療標的在anion gap,後者在 intravascular volume and dehydration,除了要抓緊觸發的誘因外,(多數為infection)及給予容量補充1-2 L N/S,前者需要給予insulin ,0.1 U/kg/h, 在sugar <250-300mg/dL時,需同時上5%G/w.,後者繼續給予水分的補充。

重點來了:
1.severe ketoacidosis, pH <7.1 需要補 bicarbonate 嗎?

2.滲透壓的劇烈改變,發生cerebral edema時怎麼辦?

原始連結:昨天夜班病人,DKA(酮症酸中毒),越治療越重,手藝丟大了


第一個問題,就如 Lactic acidosis 一樣,bcarbonate 看不到有什麼文獻支持,而更進一步的,因為ketoacidosis 在給予insulin後會得到改善,等於是有除去因發酸血的手段,因此,目前文獻的證據,甚至允許>=6.9者,不需使用bicarbonate! 至於,<6.9的案例呢? 也沒有證據支持有任何療效!!  雖然guideline有提到 < 6.9 可以使用,但這是有但書,而且沒有證據等級(E),那就是有危及血行力學且對vasopressor效果不彰時。
there may be select patients who may benefit from cautious alkali therapy, including those with severe acidemia (arterial pH: <6.9) in whom decreased cardiac contractility and peripheral vasodilatation can further impair tissue perfusion and patients with potentially life-threatening hyperkalemia.

 第二個問題,DKA 85%是TYPE I ,故併發Cerebral edema 95% 小於 20 y/o,更有1/3 小於5 y/o,而一旦發生腦水腫,死亡率可達1/2。 2001 年 新英格蘭雜誌有一篇很重要的文章,Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics.N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 25;344(4):264-9.關於小兒DKA併發腦水腫的危險因素,共有,高的BUN,低的PaCO2, 以及使用bicarbonate治療。由這裡又關聯回去第一個問題,小兒 DKA的治療,bicarbonate須慎用。

這些肺水腫,除了少數三例發生於治療前外,其餘多數多發生於治療後4-12小時內發生,雖然如此,腦水腫的機制還是未明,到底是Iatrogenic 還是 idiogenic 都在未定之數,而對腦水腫的治療,傳統的金標準,mannitol 還是被建議使用,不過所引用的文獻都比較早期,加上,mannitol除了降壓之外,還有滲透利尿作用,對於這些有潛在volume depletion的病人,似有隱含的缺點。近來對traumatic brain injury的研究,高滲透壓的食鹽水,正慢慢浮上檯面,不過基於DKA併發Cerebral edema低的發生率 0.1%,臨床上很難能作對照實驗,因此目前兩者的證據等級都甚低。


Hypertonic Saline vs. Mannitol in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Cerebral Edema



而最新的一個個案報導,隱隱約約可以看到一些曙光。


Cerebral edema before onset of therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Apr;10(2):155-7.

一個腦水腫的年輕人27歲,給予0.5 mg/kg mannitol 一小時後, 腦壓38 mmHg (8-18),腦灌注壓 32 mmHg (60-80),於是改給予 3mg/kg, 300ml 3% hypertonic saline 15 分鐘,並給予norepinephrine 提供灌注壓,兩小時後,腦壓與灌注壓為 4 mmHg, 與 79 mmHg! 24 小時候,MRI 影像報告為『正常』。

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