歲月麻醉

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硬膜穿破怎麼辦?

腰穿的發生率在1%,現在無痛分娩是硬膜外的大宗,而年輕孕婦又是PDPH的高風險族群,怎麼辦呢?個人覺得最好的方案是,改為spinal anlgesia! (1-2.5 mg bupi + 20-25 ug fentanyl)


一.硬膜不小心穿破後的麻醉方案

1. 改全麻
優點:麻醉方案單純化,缺點:硬膜穿破的問題並未解決,有些病人全麻可能更為困難或危險。

2.改間隙穿刺

優點:單純硬外麻醉,缺點:排除技術上的問題,二度穿破的機率高(10%),存在蛛網膜下腔滲漏的機會。

3. 同間隙,回抽至無CSF,置管,硬膜外麻醉。
優點:不必重穿刺,且方便同部位填入自血補丁,缺點:硬膜下或蜘蛛網膜下推藥或置管的風險增加,存在蛛網膜下腔滲漏的機會。

4. 蜘蛛網膜下置管,當作連續腰麻。
優點:單純腰麻,留管24小時,可降低PDPH的發生率,缺點:安全性顧慮。



二.如何預防及治療穿破後頭痛

儘管現有的循證醫學,並沒有足夠的證據(隨機雙盲試驗)顯示,自血補丁可以有效預防或治療PDPH,Epidural blood patching for preventing and treating post-dural puncture headache.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001791.大家都同意,EB(epidural blood patch)為治療的金標準,尤其是使用大口徑(>17 gauge Tuohy needle)意外硬膜穿破,嚴重,或經保守療法無效的頭痛。至於預防方面,最近的一個研究,Efficacy of a prophylactic epidural blood patch in preventing post dural puncture headache in parturients after inadvertent dural puncture.
Anesthesiology. 2004 Dec;101:1422-7. 亦無法提供正面的結果,但可以縮短PDPH症狀的時間,這點對特定的病人也許是有益的,如年輕,產婦,大口徑穿破者。

臥床及水分攝取,是另一個循證醫學未能證實有效,但廣泛在臨床使用的保守預防與治療方法,Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001790. Review.;臥床只能減輕症狀,無預防效果,水分的攝取,若刻意過量,只會增加利尿,增加起床姿態性頭痛的機會。

使用食鹽水硬膜外填塞或持續輸注,效果短暫,復發率高;使用colloid,屬於非主流派,案例少,證據力薄弱,僅管沒有神經傷害的案例,無法驅除對神經組織的安全性的質疑,Dextron 40 是最早使用的,但沒有最近後續的文獻報告,gelatin與starch,只有法國少數醫院常規使用,零星的case report,只在blood patch無法使用的患者,如sickle cell disease, leukemia等,才有使用的正當理由,,starch使用的又更少了,臨床上的優先次序應該排在最後面。50% G/W,沒有見過正式醫學文獻報告,最好不要用,glucose分子量低,大量滲入髓腔,有造成病人意識喪失的案例。Neurologic symptoms after accidental administration of epidural glucose.Anesth Analg. 1997 Jan;84(1):216-7


附錄:所有painless 的方案

使用於heart disease的方案:
Continuous spinal analgesia for labor and delivery in a parturient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002 Mar;46(3):329-31.


intrathecal fentanyl 25 µg plus epinephrine 50 µg (diluted with 5% dextrose, total 1.5 mL),followed by an hourly infusion of fentanyl 25 µg plus epinephrine 50 µg (diluted with 5% dextrose at the infusion rate of 5.0 mL/ h). 3 hours later,
Isobaric pethidine 17.5 mg (commercially supplied 3.5% isobaric meperidine 0.5 mL mixed 1 : 1 with normal saline solution) was administered and resulted in satisfactory analgesia. Fifty minutes later, the patient complained of intolerable pain and 35 mg (3.5% meperidine mixed 1 : 1 with 5% dextrose) of hyperbaric pethidine was administered intrathecally, with the patient in the semi-Fowler's position.

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