歲月麻醉

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One Lung Ventilation

單肺換氣是胸腔手術麻醉的常規,有兩個實際的問題,雙腔管插管深度與位置,術中低血氧的處置。

科內有個病例,由雙肺換氣改為單肺換氣,SpO2 由100%約在5分鐘內,緩慢下降到,最低70%,同事找我去看,他說,內視鏡檢查,雙腔管的位置很好,不知道desaturation的原因,recheck一遍,的確位置放的很理想;再看呼吸器設定,TV 550, f 20, PEEP 5, I/E 1:1.5. 當時將f 調到10,TV 調到400,PEEP 4,轉回單肺換氣看看,SpO2 最低下降到90%左右,再慢慢回升到97%。

理由:

1. One Lung ventilation 是一種 iatrogenic V/Q mismatch, 有如 pneumothorax般,手術肺側有血但沒有氣,如果對側肺的換氣設定太強,氣道壓力過高,有可能發生,有氣沒有血的狀況,如此,雙重 V/Q mismatch,desaturation就成了必然。

2. Oxygenation 與 ventiltion的設定是獨立的,它與FiO2, PEEP比較有關,而PEEP的大小,對oxygenation也可能是雙面刃,而與f最沒有關係,因此將f調下,TV調低。

One lung ventilation 發生hypoxemia的處置,textbook也這樣告訴我們:

1. Check proper double lumen tube position
2. Add PEEP to dependent Lung
3. Add PEEP to non-depent Lung ( 1-2 cm H2O from Miller's 7th)
4. Intermittent Two lung ventilation



實務上,並沒有做到第三點,因為需要人工組湊管路,將對側管接細氧氣管,垂到walter-sealed bottle,水面高度還要自己測量好刻度(上圖)。商業化的device是有,但沒有門路買得到。(下圖):



Adopted form Miller's 原文


Therapies for Desaturation during One-Lung Ventilation
Severe or precipitous desaturation: Resume two-lung ventilation (if possible).
Gradual desaturation:

 
1.   
Ensure that delivered Fio2 is 1.0.
 
2.   
Check position of double-lumen tube or blocker with fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
 
3.   
Ensure that cardiac output is optimal; decrease volatile anesthetics to < 1 MAC.
 
4.   
Apply a recruitment maneuver to the ventilated lung (this will transiently make the hypoxemia worse).
 
5.   
Apply PEEP 5 cm H2O to the ventilated lung (except in patients with emphysema).
 
6.   
Apply CPAP 1-2 cm H2O to the nonventilated lung (apply a recruitment maneuver to this lung immediately before CPAP).
 
7.   
Intermittent reinflation of the nonventilated lung
 
8.   
Partial ventilation techniques of the nonventilated lung:
 
a.   
Oxygen insufflation
 
b.   
High-frequency ventilation
 
c.   
Lobar collapse (using a bronchial blocker)

 
9.   
Mechanical restriction of the blood flow to the nonventilated lung
初始設定:


Suggested Ventilation Parameters for One-Lung Ventilation
Parameter
Suggested
Guidelines/ Exceptions
Tidal volume
5-6 mL/kg
Maintain:

 
Peak airway pressure < 35 cm H2O
 
Plateau airway pressure < 25 cm H2O
Positive end-expiratory pressure
5 cm H2O
Patients with COPD: no added PEEP
Respiratory rate
12 breaths/min
Maintain normal Paco2; Pa-ETco2 will usually increase 1-3 mm Hg during OLV
Mode
Volume or pressure controlled
Pressure control for patients at risk of lung injury (e.g., bullae, pneumonectomy, post lung transplantation)


最後,趁這個機會將舊文轉貼出:雙腔管插管插入深度如何調節?

1. 決定雙腔管大小。

Manufacturer



X-Ray size mm (110% actual)




28Fr




32Fr




35Fr




37Fr




39Fr




41Fr

Sheridan



9.6




-




11.4




12.2




12.5




12.8

Mallincrodt



8.2




9.3




11.3




12.2




12.5




13.0

Portex



-




-




10.8




11.8




12.1




12.8

Rusch



-




-




11.2




12.4




12.5




13.0


2.穿過聲門後3公分,將左支管氣囊打飽約3~5 ml,左支管接呼吸管,雙側換氣。

3.往前推進,直到 a. 碰到阻力,b. 聽或看到單側換氣呼吸,c. 肺順應性(compliance)降低

4.氣囊消氣,再往內推約1~2公分(氣囊寬度+1cm),氣囊再度打氣,約1~2 ml即夠。接著主氣管氣囊充氣,直到不漏氣為止。

參考文獻:Anaesthesia & Intensive care. A blind guided technique for placing double-lumen endotracheal tubes. 1992; 20(1):71-74.





4, 其他方法:
4.1 氣道阻力和氣道壓改變:導管深度不同主腔通氣時參與通氣的肺多少不同,其氣道阻力、氣道壓有所不同,故可在小套囊少量充氣後邊主腔通氣邊退管,利用氣道阻力和氣道壓的改變判斷雙腔管導管位置。



上篇是利用此原理的實作,由外往內測試阻力變化,再說一個由內往外的實作方案,那是1998年韓國人發表的 new and simple maneuver to position the left-sided double-lumen tube without the aid of fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Anesth Analg. 1998 Jun;86(6):1271-5.

1.選擇適當尺寸雙腔管

2. 插入雙腔管直到達中等阻力為止,支氣囊以三通管(three-way stop-cock)聯結充氣壓力表(control-inflator),氣囊打入約2ml空氣,壓力表達約30 cmHg,雙腔管慢慢回抽,直到壓力突然降低一半,氣囊抽氣,再往內插1cm(39 Fr 1.5cm),氣囊充氣,完成。

3.沒有壓力表,改用指壓感覺法,氣囊充飽後,使用食拇雙指掐住前導氣囊(pilot balloon),回抽感覺阻力突然消失即可。作者利用此法,於急診胸腔內出血患者,使用此盲目雙腔插管法,成功的分離左右兩肺。
Positioning of a double-lumen endobronchial tube without the aid of any instruments: an implication for emergency management.
J Trauma. 2000 Nov;49(5):899-902.


大陸網友提供了吸痰通暢法


下面引用由qingxing2005/04/02 11:16pm 發表的內容:
用吸痰管通暢法比較簡單可靠,這裡以前有這方面的帖子,可以查看


經查詢後,是東方網一篇知識更新文章,連結在此;http://www.anesthesia.org.cn/2003shanghai/lcmz-sqzqg-lxfx.htm

看完後,還是不太明白,吸痰管通不通暢,只能得知內管對齊(alignment)氣管的方向,跟內管擺位正確還不是有百分百的相關,不知有無同道做過這方面的研究,或者知道有發表的文章,可供參考。

當時不太明白其涵義,今天為了搜尋舊文,終於找到比較完整的說法:


先把管子插到底,然後邊退管邊聽上肺的呼吸音,當聽到比較清晰的呼吸音時,再大概把管子退出半個公分,單純的聽診定位,不一定位置都能到,最好再用吸痰管插入到對側的管腔,如果比較通暢的話,位置就差不多了,如果吸痰管不能順暢的進入,可以消掉小套囊,看是不是管子的位置淺了或者深了
比較一下,個人還是覺得沒有前面兩種的方法好!

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